The Invention Convention - Lesson Planning Guide

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THE INVENTION CONVENTION
IN THE CLASSROOM:
The Basics of Disciplined Creative Thinking
for Every Grade Level
Lesson Plans
Homework Assignments
Background Information
Worksheets
Bibliographic Resources
Based on the nationally acclaimed Project XL:
The Inventive Thinking Curriculum Project published
in 1990 by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

Dear Educator,
Welcome to the Inventive Thinking Curriculum! We are pleased to be able to support central Ohio area educators
in the vital task of teaching students to think independently, creatively, and productively. We are convinced
that the future of the children, and of our community, depends on it.
All of the substantive information and activities in this packet come from the Project XL Inventive Thinking
Curriculum Project, which is familiar to many teachers andwas developed by the U.S. Patent & Trademark
Office. Included in this packet you will find:
• Eight individual lessons to use in your classroom.
• Student handout masters for classroom exercises. Feel free to copy and use them.
• Information on Ohio inventors including female, minority, and children inventors.
• Special information on patents, trademarks and copyrights.
For students to be eligible for the city-wide Invention Convention, they must be registered by your district coordinator.
Coordinators have additional information and can answer your questions about the Convention.
We hope you find these materials useful in the classroom, and that you will encourage your students to apply the
inventive thinking skills they learn in school to many of the challenges they face in everyday life.
Regards,
Cherylyn Rushton
Executive Director
1-866-587-8446 (JUST THINK)
1-740-548-8182
cherylyn@just-think-inc.com
www.just-think-inc.com
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Importance of Inventive Thinking...............................................1
LESSON ONE: What is an Invention?...............................................2
Handout: Meet the Inventors....................................................3-10
LESSON TWO: How to Begin Inventing ........................................11
Handout: The SCAMPER Queries..............................................15
LESSON THREE: Practicing Inventive Thinking...........................17
LESSON FOUR: Developing an Invention Idea..............................18
Handout: Invention Questionnaire............................................19
Handout: Planning and Decision-Making Framework.............21
Handout: Young Inventor’s Log...............................................23
LESSON FIVE: Brainstorming for Creative Solutions....................24
LESSON SIX: Practicing the Critical Part of Inventive Thinking...25
LESSON SEVEN: Completing the Invention..................................26
LESSON EIGHT: Naming the Invention.........................................27
LESSON NINE: Inventing our way to Healthy Living....................28
LESSON TEN: When inventors/inventions really CAN change
the world: SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ........................37
LESSON ELEVEN: Making the Case for YOUR Invention:
THE ELEVATOR PITCH............................................................38
LESSON TWELVE: What Do YOU Know?!?:
QUIZZES & FUN FACTS ..........................................................40
LESSON THIRTEEN: What does it all MEAN?!?!?:
GLOSSARY OF TERMS ............................................................41
LESSON FOURTEEN: The Connectory:
Additional Resourses. An Initiaitive of Time Warner Cable.
www.connectamillionminds.com..........................................42
Appendix A: ................................................................Patents in Brief
Appendix B: .........................................................Trademarks in Brief
Appendix C: .......................................................................Copyrights
THE INVENTION CONVENTION
IN THE CLASSROOM:
The Basics of Disciplined Creative Thinking
for Every Grade Level
Lesson Plans
Homework Assignments
Background Information
Worksheets
Bibliographic Resources
Based on the nationally acclaimed Project XL:
The Inventive Thinking Curriculum Project published
in 1990 by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
The Importance of Inventive Thinking
Why does it seem as though the imagination we all start out with
fades as we “grow up” and get practical? It doesn’t have to:
instead, we can teach children to use that imagination to build a
better world. To notice a problem, and fix it. To dream up a way
to make life easier, and make it.
To see beyond what is, to what might be. And then do something
about it.
That’s the kind of disciplined inventive thinking that creates
success for students, for companies, and for our nation. It is so
important that the government, working through the U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office, developed a thorough, thoughtful
curriculum to teach Inventive Thinking for use in schools nationwide.
Project XL, produced in consultation with educators,
inventors, scientists, and other specialists, is the basis of the following
materials.
To find out more about the Inventive Thinking educational models
upon which this program is based, see:
Bloom, Benjamin. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives,
Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain (1956).
Heyn, Ernest. Five of Genius.
Isaksen, Scott and Donald Treffinger. Creative Problem Solving:
The Basic Course (1985).
Osborn, Alex. Applied Imagination.
Renzulli, Joseph. Systems and Models for Developing Programs
for the Gifted and Talented, Chapter XI by Calvin Taylor, and
summary by Carol Schlicter(1986).
Talents Unlimited. National Diffusion Network of the U.S.
Department of Education.
Torrance, Paul. The Search for Satori and Creativity. (1989).
1
LESSON ONE:
WHAT IS
AN INVENTION?
LESSON ONE: WHAT IS AN INVENTION?
1. Class discussion
How did successful inventors get their ideas? How did they
make their ideas a reality? Have the class read the stories and
information that follow and talk about what they learned.
2. Library work
Independently or as a class, have students find books about
creativity, invention and inventors. Use these as the basis for
reports.
3. Information from a direct source
Invite a local inventor to speak to the class.
4. Class Activity
Have the class inspect the classroom, and other parts of the
building if possible, to locate all the inventions they can find.
All the inventions in the classroom that have a U.S. PATENT
will have a patent number. One such item is probably the pencil
sharpener. (For older students, see “Patents in Brief” in
Appendix A.)
5. Homework
Have the students check out their homes (or other familiar
places, such as grocery stores, doctors’ offices, etc.) for inventions.
Have them make a list, and choose several they think
could be improved. How would they improve them?
2
MEET THE
INVENTORS
MEET THE INVENTORS
Here are some stories about thinkers and inventors whose work
has changed something about our lives. Notice that inventors can
be male or female, old or young, minorities or non-minority.
Inventors are just ordinary people with dreams and ideas. The
only thing that makes them different is their decision to keep
working hard on their ideas until they become realities.
INVENTIONS THAT SOLVE A PROBLEM
An Ear for Success
The Invention of Earmuffs
Maybe Charlie Greenwood got new skates that winter. Or maybe
he just didn’t want to go inside and do his homework. Whatever
the reason, 13-year old Charlie wanted to protect his ears from the
winter cold while he skated. So he found a piece of wire, and with
his grandmother’s help, padded the ends. In the beginning, his
friends laughed at him. However, when they realized that he was
able to stay outside skating long after they had gone inside, freezing,
they stopped laughing. Instead, they began to ask Chester to
make ear covers for them, too. At age 17, Chester applied for a
patent. For the next 60 years, Chester’s factory made earmuffs,
and earmuffs made Chester rich!
A Cut Above
The First Band-Aid®
At the turn of the century, a young
woman named Mrs. Dickson had
some trouble learning to cook. She cut and burned herself a lot!
Her husband, Earl Dickson, got a lot of practice in hand bandaging!
Luckily, his job was with the Johnson & Johnson company,
so he knew something about it. But he wasn’t always home when
his wife cut herself, and he wanted her to have a bandage available
at all times. So he began to prepare bandages ahead of time
so that his wife could apply them by herself. By combining a
piece of surgical tape and a piece of gauze, he fashioned the first
crude adhesive strip bandage.
3
A Real Hole-in-One
The Reason We Have Life-Savers®
During the hot summer of 1913, Clarence Crane, a chocolate
candy manufacturer, found himself in a quandary. When he tried
to ship his chocolates to candy shops in other cities, they melted
into gooey blobs. To avoid dealing with the mess, his customers
stopped their orders until cooler weather. In order to retain his
customers year round, Mr. Crane needed to find a substitute for
the melted chocolates. He experimented with hard candy, which
wouldn’t melt during shipment. Using a machine designed for
making medicine pills, Crane produced a small, circular candy
with a hole in the middle. And that was the birth of Life Savers!
The Cutting Edge
How the Frisbee® First Flew
The term “Frisbee” did not always refer to the familiar plastic disk
we love to send flying through the air. More than 100 years ago
in Bridgeport, Connecticut, William Russell Frisbie owned the
Frisbie Pie Company. His pies all were baked in a 10-inch round
pie tin with a raised edge, wide brim, six small holes in the bottom,
and the words “Frisbie Pies” imprinted on the bottom.
The pie tins flew very well, so playing catch with them soon
became a popular sport, especially among college students.
However, the tins were slightly dangerous when a toss was
missed, so it became a custom at Yale University, in nearby New
Haven, to yell “Frisbie” when throwing a pie tin.
It was years later, in the 1940s, when the emergence of plastics
made a safe “Frisbie” possible. Today, Frisbee® is a registered
trademark of the Wham-O Manufacturing company.
4
Arthur Garford of Elyria, Ohio,
invented the bicycle seat in the 1890s.
MEET THE
INVENTORS
THOMAS EDISON AND OTHER YOUNG INVENTORS
If I were to tell you that Thomas Alva Edison had shown signs
of inventive genius at an early age, you probably would not be
surprised. Mr. Edison achieved enormous fame with his lifelong
contributions of volumes of inventive technology. He received
the first of his 1,093 U.S. patents by age 22. In the book Fire of
Genius, author Ernest Heyn reports on a remarkably resourceful
young Edison—though some of his earliest tinkering clearly
lacked merit.
By the age of six, Thomas Edison’s experiments with fire were
said to have cost his father a barn. Soon after that, it is reported
that young Edison tried to launch the first human balloon by persuading
another youth to swallow large quantities of effervescent
powders to inflate himself with gas. Of course, the experiments
brought quite unexpected results!
Chemistry and electricity held great fascination for this child,
Thomas Edison. By his early teens, he had designed and perfected
his first real invention, an electrical cockroach control system. He
glued parallel strips of tinfoil to a wall and wired the strips to the
poles of a powerful battery—quite a shock for the unsuspecting
insect.
As a dynamo of creativity, Mr. Edison stood as decidedly unique;
but as a child with a curious, problem-solving nature, he was not
alone. Here are some other “inventive children” we have grown to
know and appreciate:
• At age 14, one schoolboy invented a rotary brush device to
remove husks from wheat in the flour mill run by his friend’s
father. The young inventor’s name? Alexander Graham Bell.
• At 16, another of our junior achievers saved pennies to buy
materials for his chemistry experiments. While still a teenager,
he set his mind on developing a commercially viable aluminum
refining process. By age 25, Charles Hall received a
patent on his revolutionary electrolytic process.
• While only 19 years old, another imaginative young person
designed and built his first helicopter. In the summer of 1909,
it very nearly flew. Years later, Igor Sikorsky perfected his
design and saw his early dreams change aviation history.
5
Thomas Edison held a total of
1,093 patents. (Photo: actor Drew
Wilson as Thomas Edison)
MEET THE
INVENTORS
Scores of very young childhood problem-solvers abound:
• Fourteen-year old Robert Fulton invented the manually operated
paddlewheel;
• Philo T. Farnsworth conceived his optical scanning idea at the
tender age of 14. He is now known as the father of TV.
Many adult inventors discovered their first inventions while they
were young student’s - just like you.
SOME LOCAL CHILDREN’S INVENTIONS
“Eggerrific” - Chelsey Denz solved the problem of broken egg
shells in your eggs. Her “Eggerrific” combined a post (to break
eggs against) and a mesh cloth below (to catch the broken bits of
eggshell - and strain them out). The invention also included egg
tweezers and an egg slicer for use with hard boiled eggs.
Jennifer Srocker’s “Christmas TreeWatering Can” eliminated the
need to ever get stuck by Christmas tree needles ever again. This
invention puts distance between your hands and the prickly sharp
pine needles - by adding a long handle to a standard watering can.
Losing her house key will never be a problem for Tierra Turner.
Tierra’s “Key Band” solved that problem by attaching a Velcro key
pouch to a comfortable wrist band. Her keys will always be as close
as you can get to “in your hand.”
Thomas Sharkey is one grade schooler who may have a future in
Law Enforcement or Security. His custom made “ATMGlove”
adds a cardboard shield attachment to a regular glove. This creative
idea solved the problem of keeping his mom’s private PIN number
private - by preventing the other bank customers waiting in line
behind her from seeing her secret code.
Victoria Vance has made many parents happy - by helping keep
their telephone bills down. Her “Automatic Timer Telephone”
allows you to set the amount of time you want to talk on the phone.
The timer automatically hangs up the telephone if you continue to
talk past your time limit.
These are just a few of the great inventions developed by local
Columbus students just like you at Columbus’ first Invention
Convention and every one of these students started from the same
place - an IDEA.
To be an inventor that is all you need, so...
JUST LOOK, JUST HAVE FUN, and JUST THINK!!!
6
MEET THE
INVENTORS
GREATWOMEN INVENTORS
Inventions tell us something about the society in which the
inventor lived, and his or her place in it. By looking at the
invention, we can often deduce what problems the inventor faced,
and what skills he or she had. It is not surprising that up until the
middle of this century, women’s inventions were often related to
child care, housework, and health care—all traditional female
concerns. In recent years, with access to specialized training and
broader job opportunities, women have been applying their creativity
to many new kinds of problems, including those requiring
advanced technology.
While women have frequently come up with new ways to make
their work easier, they have not always received credit for their
ideas. Some stories about early women inventors show that
women often recognized that they were entering a “man’s world,”
and shielded their work from the public eye by allowing men to
patent their inventions. Here are some examples:
• Margaret Knight, remembered as the “female Edison,”
received some 26 patents for such diverse items as a window
frame and sash, machinery for cutting shoe soles, and
improvements to the internal combustion engine. Her most
significant patent was for machinery that would automatically
fold and glue paper bags to create square bottoms, an invention
which dramatically changed shopping habits. Workmen
reportedly refused her advice when first installing the equipment
because, “after all, what does a woman know about
machines?”
• Sarah Breedlove Walker, the daughter of former slaves, was
orphaned at seven and widowed by 20. Madame Walker is
credited with inventing hair lotions, creams, and an improved
hair styling hot comb. But her greatest achievement may be
the development of the Walker system, which included a broad
offering of cosmetics, licensed Walker agents, and Walker
schools, which provided meaningful employment and personal
growth to thousands of Walker agents, mostly African-
American women. Sarah Walker was the first American
woman self-made millionaire.
• Bette Graham hoped to be an artist, but circumstances led her
into secretarial work. Bette, however, was not an accurate typist.
Fortunately, she recalled that artists could correct their mistakes
by painting over them with gesso, so she invented a
quick-drying “paint” to cover her typing mistakes. Bette first
prepared the secret formula in her kitchen, using a hand-mixer,
and her young son helped to pour the mixture into little bottles.
7
MEET THE
INVENTORS
In 1980, the Liquid Paper Corporation which Bette Graham
built was sold for more than $47 million.
• Stephanie Kwolek, one of Dupont’s leading chemists,
discovered the “miracle fiber” Kevlar, which has five times the
strength of steel by weight. Uses for Kevlar are seemingly
endless, including ropes and cables for oil-drilling rigs, canoe
hulls, boat sails, automobile bodies and tires, and military and
motorcycle helmets. Many Viet Nam veterans and police
officers are alive today because of protection provided by bullet-
proof vests made from Kevlar. Because of its strength and
lightness, Kevlar was chosen as the material for the Gossamer
Albatross, a pedal airplane flown across the English Channel.
• Gertrude B. Elion, 1988 Nobel Laureate in medicine, and
Scientist Emeritus with Burroughs Wellcome Company, is
credited with the synthesis of two of the first successful drugs
for leukemia, as well as Imuron, an agent to prevent the rejection
of kidney transplants, and Zovirax, the first selective antiviral
agent against herpes virus infections. Researchers who
discovered AZT, a breakthrough treatment for AIDS, used
Elion’s protocols.
And here are a few more interesting facts about women inventors:
• Windshield wipers were patented by Mary Anderson in 1903.
• Dandruff shampoo was patented by Josie Stuart in 1903.
• A dishwasher was patented by Josephine Cochrane in 1914.
• The first disposable diaper was patented by Marion Donovan
in 1951.
• A compact portable hair dryer was patented by Harriett J.
Stern in 1962.
• A dough product for frozen pizza was patented by Rose Totino
in 1979.
• The Melitta Automatic Drip Coffee Maker was patented by
Melitta Benz in Germany in 1908.
8
MEET THE
INVENTORS
GREATMINORITY INVENTORS
Between 1863 and 1913, approximately 1,200 inventions were
patented by African American inventors. Many more were
unidentified because they hid their race to avoid discrimination.
Some sold their inventions to white men. The following stories
are about a few of the great minority inventors. To learn more, you
can obtain the film From Dreams to Reality: a Tribute to Minority
Inventors, at no charge, from the Patents and Trademark Office.
You can request this video from your local Patent Depository
Library, or by writing to: The Office of Equal Employment
Programs, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Crystal Park 1,
Room 600, Washington, D.C. 20231 (703) 557-1692.
Here are some stories about great American minority inventors:
• Elijah McCoy may well have been the real “real McCoy.”
Why? McCoy earned about 50 patents, but the most famous
one was for a metal or glass cup that fed oil to bearings through
a small-bore tube. Machinists and engineers who wanted genuine
McCoy lubricators may have originated the term “the real
McCoy.” Elijah McCoy was born in Ontario, Canada, in 1843,
the son of slaves who had fled Kentucky. He died in Michigan
in 1929.
• Benjamin Banneker created the first striking clock made of
wood in America. He became known as the “Afro-American
Astronomer.” He published an almanac and with his knowledge
of mathematics and astronomy, assisted in the surveying and
planning of the new city of Washington,D.C.
• Granville Woods had more than 60 patents. Known as the
“Black Edison,” he improved Bell’s telegraph and created an
electrical motor that made the underground subway possible. He
also improved the airbrake.
• Garrett Morgan invented the traffic signal that has saved millions
of lives since the automobile became popular. He also
invented a safety hood for firefighters.
• George Washington Carver changed the South with his many
inventions. He discovered more than 300 different products
made from the peanut, which had been considered a lowly food
fit only for hogs. He dedicated himself to teaching others, learning
and working with nature. He created more than 125 new
products with the sweet potato, and taught poor farmers how to
rotate crops to improve their soil and their cotton. George
Washington Carver was a great scientist and inventor who
9
GREAT OHIO
INVENTORS
GREAT OHIO INVENTORS
History is filled with pages of famous Ohio inventors and their inventions.
Most famous, of course, is Thomas Edison.What you may not know about
are the hundreds of “not-so-famous” Ohio inventors working and inventing
all around us right now everyday. Some are right here in Columbus,
and some started out when they were young students just like you. Here
are some examples:
• Charles Franklin Kettering, a 1904 graduate of Ohio State University,
invented the first electrical ignition system and the self starter for
automatic engines. He is responsible for the first practical engine
driven generator, and went on to work on the development of the
electronically operated cash register. Later in life, the research labora
-tory he set up at General Motors developed the refrigerant Freon,
four-wheel brakes, safety glass, and the lightweight diesel engine that
made the diesel locomotive possible.
• William Merium Burton - born in Cleveland - began his career at
Standard Oil of Cleveland as a chemist. His laboratory research and
test work on refining crude oil led to the first commercially successful
process for cracking crude oil into gasoline and other products.
His process doubled the yield of crude oil, saving more than 1 billion
barrels during the first 15 years.
• Eight months after his graduation from Oberlin College, in the collage
laboratories, Charles Martin Hall discovered an inexpensive
method for extracting pure aluminum from its ore. His discovery led
to mass production of the metal - and a wide commercial use of what
we now call aluminum foil.
• We owe our non-stick pans to another Ohio native - chemist Roy J.
Plunkett. Born in New Carlisle Ohio - this Ohio State alumni discovered
Teflon while working on refrigerants as a chemist at Dupont.
• Edward Morley collaborated with Albert A. Michelson on an historic
experiment. The Michelson-Morley experiment marked the birth of
modern physics in America, showing that the speed of light is unaffected
by the movement of the earth through space. This experiment
paved the way for Einstein’s Theory of Relativity.
• The inventor of the commercial antihistamine agent, Benadryl,
George Rieveschl was born in Arlington Heights, Ohio, and
received his undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University
of Cincinnati.
• Becky Schroeder at the age of 10 invented a “luminescent
backing sheet for writing in the dark” and at the age of 12 she received
her first patent for this device. The invention is a self- illuminated
phosphorescent clip board which allows for writing in the dark.
10
LESSON TWO:
HOWTO BEGIN
INVENTING
learned to be a careful observer and who was honored throughout
the world for his creation of new things.
LESSON TWO: HOWTO BEGIN INVENTING
1. Class Activity: Brainstorming
Brainstorming is a process of spontaneous thinking used by an
individual or by a group of people to generate numerous alternative
ideas while deferring judgment. Introduced by Alex
Osborn in his book, Applied Imagination, brainstorming is the
crux of each of the stages of all problem-solving methods.
You may want to copy the “rules” for brainstorming on the
next page for your students, or even create a poster to remind
them of the fundamentals for successful creative thinking!
To practice, simply pick a problem, or have the class select
one, and let the fun begin! This is a good time to apply your
imagination curriculum to other subjects the class may be
studying in science, social studies, or literature: you can
brainstorm on anything from different endings for a book
you’ve read, to solving the health care crisis, to increasing the
effectiveness of your school’s student government association.
Younger students may like to brainstorm on how to improve
11
LESSON TWO:
HOWTO BEGIN
INVENTING
lunch, or how to get dressed quickly in the morning. Whatever
the topic, be sure to keep a record of the ideas for later assessment
and elaboration!
WE’RE HAVING A BRAINSTORM!
No Criticism Allowed!
People tend to evaluate each suggested idea automatically—in
fact, many ideas often go unsaid because of mental pre-judgment.
Both internal and external criticism are to be avoided while brainstorming.
Neither positive nor negative comments are allowed.
Either type inhibits the free flow of thought and requires time
which interferes with the next rule. Write each spoken idea down
as it is given and move on.
Work for Quantity!
Alex Osborn states that “Quantity breeds Quality.” People must
experience a “braindrain” (get all the easy or common responses
out of the way) before the innovative, creative ideas can surface;
therefore, the more ideas, the more likely there are to be quality
ideas among them.
HitchhikingWelcome!
Hitchhiking occurs when one member’s idea produces a similar
idea or an enhanced idea in another member. All ideas should be
recorded.
12
LESSON TWO:
HOWTO BEGIN
INVENTING
Freewheeling Encouraged!
Outrageous, humorous, and seemingly unimportant ideas should
be recorded. It is not uncommon for the most “off-the-wall” comment
to be one wherein lies a solution for the problem.
2. Discussion/Homework: Getting Control of Ideas
Have pairs or small groups of students choose a particular
idea from the brainstorming list and use the principals below
to add the flourishes and details that would develop the idea
more fully.
Allow the students to share their innovative and
inventive ideas!
This description of Creative Thinking Processes comes from
Paul Torrance in The Search for Satori and Creativity.
Fluency......................the production of a great number
of ideas.
Flexibility..................the production of ideas or products that
show a variety of possibilities or realms
of thought.
13
LEARN TO
SCAMPER!
Originality.................the production of ideas that are unique
or unusual.
Elaboration................the production of ideas that display
intensive detail or enrichment.
3. Class Activities: SCAMPER!
Bob Eberle’s SCAMPER technique for inventive thinking can
take your class a step farther along the path to the creation of a
truly workable new invention. Instead of commands, SCAMPER
is based on questions students can ask themselves about
an object or idea, using brainstorming techniques to come up
with answers.
To help students understand how the questions work, have
them look back at some of the inventor stories in Lesson 1.
See how those inventors applied questions like those in
SCAMPER.
14
Charles Hall was the Oberlin professor
who found the way to make aluminum
a common metal.
LEARN TO
SCAMPER!
THE SCAMPER QUERIES
Ask these questions about an object or idea, and see
what you invent!
Substitute?
Who else instead? What else instead? Other ingredient? Other
material? Other power? Other place?
Combine?
How about a blend, an alloy, an ensemble? Combine purposes?
Combine appeals?
Adapt?
What else is like this? What other idea does this suggest? Does
the past offer a parallel? What could I copy?
Minify?
Odor, form, shape? What to add? More time?
Magnify?
Greater frequency? Higher? Longer? Thicker?
Put to New Uses?
New ways to use as is? Other uses if modified? Other places to
use? Other people to reach?
Eliminate?
What to subtract? Smaller? Condensed? Miniature? Lower?
Shorter? Lighter? Omit? Streamline? Understate?
Interchange components? Other pattern?
Reverse?
rearrangE?
Other layout? Other sequence? Transpose cause and effect?
Change pace? Transpose positive and negative? How about opposites?
Turn it backward? Turn it upside down? Reverse roles?
15
LESSON TWO:
HOWTO BEGIN
INVENTING
4. SCAMPER Activities
A. Bring in any object or use objects around the classroom to do
the following exercise. Ask the students to list many new uses
for a familiar object, using the SCAMPER technique. You
could use a paper plate or a craft stick to begin with, and see
how many new things the students will discover. Make sure to
follow the rules for brainstorming!
B. Using literature, ask your students to create a new ending to
a story, change a character or situation within a story, or
create a new beginning for the story that would result in the
same ending.
C. Put a list of objects on the chalkboard. Ask your students to
combine them in different ways to create a new product.
For homework/in-class exercise, let the students make their
own lists of objects. Once they combine several of them, ask
them to illustrate the new product and explain why it might
be useful.
16
LESSON THREE:
PRACTICING
INVENTIVE
THINKING
LESSON THREE: PRACTICING INVENTIVE THINKING
1. In-Class Activity
Before your students begin to find their own problems and create
unique inventions or innovations to solve them, you can
assist them by taking them through some of the steps as a
group.
A. Finding the Problem
Let the class list problems in their own classroom that need
solving. Use the “brainstorming” technique from Lesson l.
Perhaps your students never have a pencil ready, as it is either
missing or broken when it is time to do an assignment. Select
one problem for the class to solve using the following steps:
a. Find several problems. Select one to work on.
b. Analyze the situation.
c. Think of many, varied, and unusual ways of solving
the problem.
List the possibilities. Be sure to allow even the silliest possible
solution, as creative thinking must have a positive, accepting environment
in order to flourish.
B. Finding a Solution
a. Select one or more possible solutions to work on. You may
want to divide into groups if the class elects to work on
several of the ideas.
b. Improve and refine the idea(s).
c. Share the class or individual solution(s)/invention(s)
for solving the class problem.
Solving a class problem and creating a class invention will help
students learn the process and make it easier for them to work on
their own invention projects. Or, you may want to move ahead
and build your class invention for a group presentation.
17
LESSON FOUR:
DEVELOPING AN
INVENTION IDEA
LESSON FOUR: DEVELOPING AN INVENTION IDEA
Now that your students have had an introduction to the inventive
process, it is time for them to find a problem and create their own
invention to solve it.
1. Homework
Begin by asking your students to conduct a survey. Tell them
to interview everyone that they can think of to find out what
problems need solutions. What kind of invention, tool, game,
device, or idea would be helpful at home, work, or during
leisure time? (There is a sample survey on the next page you
can copy for your students to use.)
2. Ask the students to list the problems that need to be solved.
18
The same Arthur Garford who invented the bicycle seat later
teamed up with Clement Studebaker to revolutionize the auto
industry by using aluminum alloy.
INVENTION
QUESTIONNAIRE
Invention Questionnaire
1. What does not work as well as you would like it to work?
2. What job(s) would you like to see done?
3. What problem(s) would you like to see solved?
4. If you could invent something to make your life easier,
what would you invent?
5. What is the most annoying problem
at home?
at school?
at work?
at the airport?
on the road?
at the supermarket?
at the bank?
at the shopping center?
at ?
19
LESSON FOUR:
DEVELOPING AN
INVENTION IDEA
3. In-ClassWriting Activity and Discussion
Next comes the decision-making process.
a. Using the list of problems, ask the students to think of
which problems would be possible for them to work on.
They can do this by listing the pros and cons for each
possibility.
b. Predict the outcome or possible solution(s) for
each problem.
c. Make a decision by selecting one or two problems that
provide the best options for an inventive solution.
(The decision-making process can be assisted by using the
Planning and Decision-Making Framework copymaster on the
next page.)
20
Planning And
Decision-Making
Framework
Planning And Decision-Making Framework
PROBLEM: What is the dilemma?
SOURCES OF INFORMATION: List the primary and secondary
sources of information.
People (primary):
Books, Films, Places, etc. (secondary):
ALTERNATIVES: Generate a list of possibilities.
PROS & CONS: What reasons support and do not support the
possibilities?
PROS:
CONS:
FINAL PRODUCT: What form will it take? How will the results
be communicated?
CRITERIA: List the criteria for judging the alternatives.
DECISION: What is the final decision? Why?
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT: List all items such as a tape recorder,
construction materials, etc., that may be required.
RESULTS: How did the plan work? What modifications, if any,
took place?
21
LESSON FOUR:
DEVELOPING AN
INVENTION IDEA
4. Home/School Ongoing Activity
Have the students keep an Inventor’s Log or Journal. A record
of ideas and work accomplished is very important to real
inventors: more than once, an original inventor has lost ownership
of a patent because of poor record-keeping!
For example, long before Alexander Graham Bell filed a
patent application in 1875, Daniel Drawbaugh claimed to have
invented the telephone. But since he had no journal or record,
the Supreme Court rejected his claims by four votes to three.
Alexander Graham Bell had excellent records and was awarded
the patent for the telephone.
You may want to copy and distribute the sample log sheet on
the next page, or just have students keep a special notebook
for this purpose.
Rules For Authentic Journal Keeping
1. Using a bound notebook, make notes each day
about the things you do and learn while working
on your invention.
2. Record your idea and how you got it.
3. Write about problems you have and how
you solve them.
4. Write in ink and do not erase.
5. Add sketches and drawings to make things clear.
6. List all parts, sources, and costs of materials.
7. Sign and date all entries at the time they are made
and have them witnessed.
22
YOUNG
INVENTOR'S LOG
Young Inventor’s Log
A log is a diary and a record of your inventive thinking. It should
include everything that is related to your project. Every time you
write in the log, you should initial and date your entry and also
have it signed by a witness. A witness can be anyone who knows
what you are working on that day–mom, dad, friend, brother, sister,
etc. The list below includes some of the items that might be
recorded in your log; you will think of others. Remember, every
time you work on your project or just think about your idea, you
should record it in your inventor’s log or notebook.
Ideas for Inventions:
Problems:
Possible Solutions:
Plans:
1. What am I going to invent?
2. What steps will I need to take?
3. What materials will I need? What will the materials cost?
4. What problems might occur?
5. How will I present my project?
Resources:
1. Books?
2. Other References?
3. People?
Drawings of Possible Solutions:
Results of Interviews:
Results of Surveys:
Other:
23
LESSON FIVE:
BRAINSTORMING
FOR CREATIVE
SOLUTIONS
LESSON FIVE: BRAINSTORMING FOR
CREATIVE SOLUTIONS
Now that the students have one or two problems to work on, they
must take the same steps that they did in solving the class problem
in Lesson Three. These steps could be listed on the chalkboard or
a chart.
1. Analyze the problem(s). Select one to work on.
2. Think of many, varied, and unusual ways of solving the
problem. List all of the possibilities. Be non-judgmental.
(See “Brainstorming” in Lesson One and SCAMPER in
Lesson Two.)
3. Select one or more possible solutions to work on.
4. Improve and refine your ideas.
24
Alexander Wenton was the Cleveland bicycle
repairman who made and sold the first reliable
auto in 1898.
LESSON SIX:
PRACTICING THE
CRITICAL PART
OF INVENTIVE
THINKING
LESSON SIX: PRACTICING THE CRITICAL PART
OF INVENTIVE THINKING
Now that your students have some exciting possibilities for
their invention projects, they will need to use their critical
thinking skills to narrow down the possible solutions. They can
do this by asking themselves the following questions about their
inventive idea:
1. Is my idea practical?
2. Can it be made easily?
3. Is it as simple as possible?
4. Is it safe?
5. Will it cost too much to make or use?
6. Is my idea really new?
7. Will it withstand use, or will it break easily?
8. Is my idea similar to something else?
9. Will people really use my invention? (Survey your classmates
or the people in your neighborhood to document the need or
usefulness of your idea.)
25
LESSON SEVEN:
COMPLETING
THE INVENTION
LESSON SEVEN: COMPLETING THE INVENTION
When students have an idea that meets most of the qualifications
in Lesson Six, they need to plan how they are going to complete
their project. Following a systematic planning technique will save
them a great deal of time and effort. The following pattern, combined
with use of the Inventor’s Log and/or the Planning And
Decision-Making Framework in Lesson Four, should help:
1. Identify the problem and possible solution. Give your
invention a NAME.
2. List the materials needed to illustrate your invention and to
make a model of it. You will need paper, pencil and crayons
or markers to draw your invention. You might use cardboard,
paper, clay, wood, plastic, yarn, paper clips, and so forth to
make a model. You might also want to use an art book or a
book on model-making from your school library.
3. List, in order, the steps for completing your invention.
4. Think of the possible problems that might occur. How could
you solve them?
5. Complete your invention. Ask your parents and teacher to
help with the model.
REMEMBER TO ANSWER THESE BASICS CLEARLY!
• WHAT - Describe the problem.
• MATERIALS - List the materials needed.
• STEPS - List the steps to complete your invention.
• PROBLEMS - Predict the problems that could occur.
26
LESSON EIGHT:
NAMING THE
INVENTION
LESSON EIGHT: NAMING THE INVENTION
An invention can be named in one of the following ways:
1. Using the inventor’s name
• Levi Strauss: LEVI’S® jeans
• Louis Braille: Braille Alphabet System
2. Using the components or ingredients of the invention
• Root Beer
• Peanut Butter
3. With initials or acronyms
• IBM® (International Business Machines)
• ATM (Automatic Teller Machine)
4. Using word combinations (notice repeated consonant sounds
and rhyming words)
• KIT KAT®
• HULA HOOP®
5. Using the product’s function
• DUSTBUSTER®
• vacuum cleaner
• hairbrush
• earmuffs
6. Using a related image or idea
• Apple/Macintosh® computers
• Ivory® soap
Students can be very ingenious about inventing names for
products. Older students may benefit from making a distinction
between an appropriate brand name and a generic name for an
invention.
Solicit their suggestions on a name for the class invention, and
have them explain what makes each name effective. Each student
should generate names for his or her own invention.
27
CARDINAL HEALTH –
Inventing your way to Healthy Living.
Before you get started on your great ideas, let’s talk about inventing!
Inventors invent by following certain basic steps - just like many other things you do every day.
Like following a recipe while cooking, brushing your teeth or tying your shoes - inventing is a
process. To help you get started with YOUR invention – just follow these steps!
First – JUST THINK!!
BRAINSTORM!!
How do you come up with the next great ‘health’ related invention? You brainstorm!
Brainstorming is thinking up new ideas. When you brainstorm - you think of every thing you
possibly can about what problems you might have, who has them, how to solve
them…everything that enters your mind. Don’t worry about every detail – just write down your
ideas. You can figure out the ‘how’ and ‘what’ later.
You can start by asking yourself the following questions:
(Remember to write down the answers in your journal):
• What are some health problems YOU have? What about your friends?
Your Grandmother or Grandfather? Your teachers?
• Now – pick one that you thing you could help solve.
• Is it going to be a ‘thing’ – a real invention – or a ‘process’ – like a series of
moves/jumps/maneuvers that you do with a certain object?
• What does it look like? Who uses it? When do you use it? At night or in the daytime?
In the warm weather or cold?
• Is it like anything you already know about? How is your idea different?
These are all important things to think about when getting ready to make your invention. There
really is a lot to think about – but just like exercise - if you just GET STARTED you’ll be on
your way to ‘Inventing Good Health!!’
Use the SCAMMPER technique to brainstorm! Take your idea – then SCAMPER!!!
Substitute –What else could you do instead? Can you use another material?
Combine – How about a blend of two or more ideas/processes?
Adapt – What is there already that helps you get healthy? Could I make it better?
Minify – Order, form, shape? Could I make it smaller? Miniature? Portable?
Magnify – Greater frequency? Bigger? Longer? Add something?
Put to other uses – How else could I use it? Or where? With who?
Eliminate – What do I need to get rid of? Subtract? Condense?
Reverse – Will it work backwards, inside out, upside down?
28
Second: JUST BUILD!!
BUILD!!
Once you’ve decided on your favorite idea - it is time to start defining the pasts and pieces you
will need to know to actually make it. You’ll need to think about what it will look like, how you
will use it , does it need ‘directions’ – all the things that will help other kids know what YOUR
‘Healthy Living’ invention is all about – so they can use it – and help others learn how.
Here are a few questions to answer to get you started:
• What are some names your ‘Healthy Living‘ invention might be called?
• How will you use it?
• How many people can use it at one time? One, many, both?
• Does your invention need directions or instructions?
• What are they?
• What Health Problem/Challenge does your invention help solve? How?
• What does it look like?
• How does it operate?
You can draw or sketch your idea – or simply describe it in your inventor’s journal. And if you
need to - you can make up a set of ‘directions’ – a ‘Healthy Living Roadmap’. (Don’t worry –
this is easier than it sounds. Remember – this is YOUR idea – so YOU just have to explain what
is in your brain.) Write down everything people will need to know –and there it is.
Finally: JUST BELIEVE!!
BELIEVE!!
Now - you need to actually make your idea into a working model – so you can see what it really
looks like and show how it really helps people live healthier lives.
Don’t forget – The first thing you should do – EVERY DAY and EVERY STEP OF THE WAY –
is write down what you’ve done in your journal - the improvements, changes, trials and errors –
including the DATES you’ve made them.
Step 4: Try it out!! – 1-2-3 - and see what happens! Four!! (Score!!!)
Try your invention – and track your results. The best way to find out if your invention works is
to record and track your results. Its really pretty easy – and easy as 1-2-3…….4!!!!
1) DEFINE: Define your specific ‘Health Problem/Challenge’ (being short of breath):
2) GOAL: Define what you want to accomplish (easier breathing); and how you will measure it
(heart/pulse rate);
3) TRY TRY TRY: Test out your idea/invention. Try making it better. Try making it the best!
4) RESULTS: What results did YOUR invention produce?!?!? Did you SCORE!!!?
29
CARDINAL HEALTH –
WHATS YOUR HEALTH PROBLEM?!?!??!
Now that you’ve got YOUR idea underway – and are ready to become Ohio’s next great
Inventor of Healthy Living - lets see how much you know about health problems and what has
been invented to solve them already by inventors in our great State….
First things first –
Before you can invent anything - you need to know what problem you are going to solve.
After all that is where it all starts – right?
WHAT’S YOUR PROBLEM?!?!?
What are some of the top health problems facing you and your classmates?
1)
2)
3)
WHAT’S THEIR PROBLEM?
How about your Mom & Dad?
1)
2)
3)
What about your Grandmother & Grandfather?
1)
2)
3)
GOOD HEALTH is EVERYONE’S problem!!!
Some health problems face ALL of our family members…no matter what their age. The most
important thing about ‘Healthy Living’ is that you are never too old to start!! Some health problems
can be totally prevented in older people like by learning to solve them when you are young!!
You can start your way to "Healthy Living’ RIGHT NOW – whether you are 8 or 80 - and still;
make a difference – maybe even prevent some illnesses from even occurring – all you need to do
is START……
Need some inspiration???? These Ohio Inventors took the challenge – and their inventions have
CHANGED LIVES…..even SAVED LIVES.
WHO SOLVED THESE PROBLEMS?!?!?!? TEST YOUR "Healthy Living" IQ .....for Ohio.
1) Which Medical Society was organized in 1849?
2) Who was the ‘Benjamin Franklin of Cincinnati…one of the early champions of medical education
– and who founded the Ohio Medical College 30
3) One of the worlds largest and busiest health centers suffered 2 explosions – killing 123 people
and sickened 50 more – in 1929. The explosions remain unsolved – but occurred where nitrocellulose
X-rays were stored – which emit toxic gases. This tragedy inspired the creation of less
flammable cellulose triacetate safety film. Name the health center…
4) What city is known as the ‘Cradle of Dental Education/Health’?
5) Where is the nation’s largest independent research organization?
ANS:
1) The Ohio State Medical Society.
2) Dr. Daniel Drake
3) Cleveland Clinic
4) Bainbridge, Ohio
5) Columbus, Ohio; Battelle
Ohio has always led the way - ‘Inventing the Way to Healthy Living’….
How many answers did YOU know?
RESEARCH ACTIVITY:
Find 10 more Ohio inventions – directly related to HEALTH.
Invention Inventor Where you found it
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT THING ABOUT HEALTHY LIVING??????
YOU LIVE LONGER!!!!!!
31
CARDINAL HEALTH –
WINNING IDEAS!!!!
With ‘Healthy Living’ EVERYONE WINS!!!!
Young inventors have already invented some really cool and helpful ‘Health Related’ inventions…..
many RIGHT HERE in Ohio – and as a part of the Invention Convention.
That means YOU can do it TOO!!!
Lets see if you can tell which ideas were invented by ADULTS and which ones were invented
by YOUNG PEOPLE – just like you…..
1) PROBLEM: Kids don’t like having their temperature taken.
SOLUTION: Lollipop Thermometer Sucker
ADULT/YOUTH????
2) PROBLEM: Can’t tell whether your pulse is too fast or too slow;
SOLUTION: PULSE ALERT
ADULT/YOUTH???
3) PROBLEM: Pills coming out of the bottle too fast – getting dropped – and lost.
SOLUTION: One-by-One Pill Dispenser
ADULT/YOUTH?????
4) PROBLEM: Can’t tell if the leftovers have spoiled – has bacteria.
SOLUTION: Anti-Bacterial Food Wrap.
ADULT/YOUTH????
5) PROBLEM: Can’t get the cotton out of the pill bottle.
SOLUTION: Cotton Ball Remover.
ADULT/YOUTH????
6) PROBLEM: Can’t read the tiny type on the prescription bottle.
SOLUTION: Magnifying Prescription Reader
ADULT/YOUTH???
7) PROBLEM: Can’t swallow aspirin well;
SOLUTION: Transdermal Aspirin Patch.
ADULT/YOUTH???
8) PROBLEM: Kids lose Emergency ID bracelets.
SOLUTION: Emergency Alert Patch.
ADULT/YOUTH????
32
9) PROBLEM: Casts make it hard to sleep and often bang up your other limb.
SOLUTION: Pillow Cast.
ADULT/YOUTH????
10) PROBLEM: YOUR PROBLEM!!!
SOLUTION: YOUR SOLUTION
ADULT/YOUTH??? YOU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Well – ALL of these were invented by kids – and ALL of these kids invented them as part of the
Invention Convention!!!! Now – do you think you can do it?
BRAINSTORM ACTIVITY:
Take each of the above problems – and think of how you could solve them in a DIFFERENTWAY!!
1) Taking Kids Temperatures
2) Pulse Rate Gage
3) Pills Coming out too fast!
4) Safe leftovers?
5) Stuck Cotton Balls.
6) Can’t read prescription bottle.
7) Aspirin hard to swallow.
8) MED ID Bracelets getting lost
9) Uncomfortable Casts.
10) YOUR IDEA!!!
GOOD HEALTH is EVERYONE’S problem!!!
Some health problems face ALL of our family members…AT ANY AGE.
But INVENTORS are also solving them…. AT ANY AGE.
Ohio has always led the way - ‘Inventing the Way to Healthy Living’….AT ANY AGE.
Get started NOW!!!!
BECAUSE - THE MOST IMPORTANT THING ABOUT HEALTHY LIVING IS…..
YOU’LL LIVE BETTER……AT ANY AGE!!!!!
33
34
INVENTING ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL PROBLEMS –
Environmental Ideation – Module #1
Before you get started on your great environmental ideas, lets take a minute to think about the
many different environments there are…
You can start by asking yourself the following questions: (Remember to write down the answers
as you go):
• First - name all of the different environments you can think of…?
o Outside, inside
o In buildings, in nature
o In cars, in classrooms
o In YOUR city, state, country
o In other cities, states, countries
• Choose which environment you want your invention to try to improve.
• Now – write down every thing about that environment that you think needs to be
improved?
o Better air quality
o Cleaner water
o Better waste management
o Less noise
o More ‘people friendly’ conditions
o What do YOU think?!?!?
• Pick the ONE environment you think YOU could improve on with an invention.
• Then pick the ONE environmental condition you think could be better…..
• That’s the problem your Environmental Invention should solve…
Next– we’re up to your actual invention…..
o Is it going to be a ‘thing’ that makes your environment better all on its own?
o Or do you use it along with something else?\
o Is it a PROCESS of doing things?
o Is it a combination of both?
These are all important things to think about when getting ready to make your invention. There is
a lot to think about – but the better you are at defining your PROBLEM – the EASIER is will be
to turn your idea into a effective environmental improvement - and one that makes
EVERYONE’s environment better.
[Sidebar:]
Use the SCAMMPER technique to brainstorm! Take your idea – then SCAMPER!!!
Substitute –What could you do instead? Can you use another material/process?
Combine – How about a blend of two or more ideas/processes?
Adapt – What already improves the environment? Can you make it better?
Minify – Could you make it smaller? Miniature? Portable?
Magnify – Greater frequency? Bigger? Longer? Add something?
Put to other uses – How else could you use it? Or where? With who?
Eliminate – What do I need to get rid of? Subtract? Condense?
Reverse – Will it work backwards, inside out, upside down?
35
INVENTING ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL PROBLEMS
Environmental Ideation - #1 cont’d
Second: BREAK IT DOWN!!
Once you’ve decided on your favorite idea - it is time to start defining the parts and pieces you
will need to turn it from an idea into a real invention that will REALLY IMPROVE the
ENVIRONMENT.
You’ll need to think about what it will look like, how you will use it, does it need ‘directions?', do
you use it WITH something else – or on its own?…..all the things that will help everyone know
what YOUR ‘Environmental Improvement Invention’ is all about – so they can use it to make
their environments better too.
Here are a few questions to answer to get you started:
• What are some names your ‘Environmental Invention‘ might be called?
• How do people use it?
• How many people can use it at one time? One, many, both?
• Does your invention need directions or instructions?
• What are they?
• What specific environment does your invention improve? How?
• What does it look like?
• What is it made of? What materials?
• What are the parts and pieces?
• How does it work?
You can draw or sketch your idea or you can even make up a set of ‘directions’, an
Environmental Inspiration Manual’. (Don’t worry – this is easier than it sounds. Remember –
this is YOUR idea – so you just have to write down everything you would tell people if they were
there talking with you - and there it is).
Finally -
You need to see if your Environmental Innovation really works – if it really IMPROVES your
environment.
The best way to find out if your invention works is to record and track your results:
1) DEFINE - your problem: “Cars put out too much exhaust into the atmosphere…..add to
pollution – which hampers safe air.
2) DEFINE – your goal: “Making cars in a way that they produce less pollution.”
3) DEFINE – your measure of success: “How much less exhaust did your system create.”
4) DEFINE – how to test your invention: “Test the air around cars with and without your
Environmental Innovation Invention installed.”
5) RESULTS ?!?!?!?!?! IS YOUR ENVIRONMENT BETTER, SAFER, CLEANER,
HEALTHIER.
If it is – you have a great new Environmental Improvement Invention …so keep inventing!!!
36
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT INNOVATIONS
Ideation – Module #2 – WHATS YOUR PROBLEM?!?!??!
Now that you’ve got YOUR idea underway – and are ready to become the Inventor of the world’s
next great ‘Environmental Improvement’ - lets see how much you know about some
environmental challenges - and what has been invented to improve them already by inventors just
like you from all over the country. You see – there are inventors everywhere – so there’s no
reason the next great inventor shouldn’t be YOU!!!
TEST YOUR “ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE “IQ”:
1) What is the system installed under cars to help keep the air clean?
a. Where did you look to learn about it?
b. Who invented it?
c. Could you improve it?
d. How?
2) Name the ‘system’ designed to enable us to re-use materials and products?
a. Where did you look to research this system?
b. Is there more than one?
c. Who invented it?
d. Could you improve it?
e. How?
3) Is there a product/invention/system to make water safer/cleaner?
a. List at least ten?
b. Where did you look?
c. Are they being used?
d. Where?
e. Name the inventor(s)?
4) How can our ‘auditory’ environment be improved?
a. Name 5 inventions?
b. What do they do?
c. How do they work?
d. Would YOU use them?
e. Name their inventor(s)?
RESEARCH ACTIVITY:
List FIVE companies, organizations or individual inventors who lead the country in
Environmental Awareness and Innovation.
LEADERS INVENTION/INNOVATION I FOUND THEM HERE
(Co, Org., Ind.) (What they did) (website/book)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
37
38
39
40

WHAT DO YOU KNOW????
QUIZZES:
1) What do these inventors have in common?
First Washing Machine (1871)
First Dishwasher (1872)
First Car Heater (1893)
First Medical Syringe (1899)
First Windshield Wipers (1903)
2) In 1890 – what percent of patents were issued
to women?
3) By 2002 – what percent?
4) When was the 1st woman inducted into the
National Inventors Hall of Fame?
For What?
Who was her colleague?
How many patents did she have?
What other honor does she hold?
5) Who invented and patented a diver’s suit in
1921, and was claustrophobic?
6) Is this a real quote – and who said it?
“Everything that can be invented – has already
been invented.”
7) What did Albert Nobel – the man who invented
the five nobel prizes, invent?
Cotton Candy, Bulletproof Vest, Submarine,
Compass,
Dynamite?
8) What did Rube Goldberg ‘invent’?
9) Which American President was the most
prolific inventor – with 9?
Lincoln, Jefferson, Roosevelt, Nixon.
PATENT QUIZZES:
10) Who did the 1st patent issued in the United
States go to & how much did it cost?
11) How much does a patent cost average today?
12) The first patent issued in the world was issued
to whom, where, and when?
13) Who invented three of the biggest ‘failures’
that resulted in billion dollar industries?
14) What were their ‘failures’…?
15) Is the World Wide Web patented?
ANSWERS
1): All Women inventors
2): Fewer than one percent.
3): 15%
4): 1991; Drugs to fight leukemia, malaria, gout and AIDS;
George Hitchings; 45 patents; Nobel Peace Prize.
5): Harry Houdini.
6): Yes; Former patent commissioner Charles Duell; in 1899.
7): Dynamite.
8): Though famous for his 10-step cartoons depicting how to perform
a simple task – Mr Goldberg did not ‘invent’ anything.
9): Jefferson.
10): Samuel Hopkins; it cost $4.
11): $4,000.
12): Filippo Brunelleschi, Italy, 1421.
13): a) Chester Carlson, b) Charles Darrow and c) Caleb Bradham.
14): a) The Model 914 Haloid; a photocopying device; later known as a Xerox;
b) The Landlord’s game – now known as “Monopoly”;
c) Brad’s drink (named after himself) which would later become ‘Pepsi’.
15): No. Tim Bernes-Lee – could have – but chose not to.
41

WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN? GLOSSARY
Words are powerful – and have many meanings given the different
contexts in which they may be used. Some VERY FAMILIAR
terms to you – like ‘Assignment’ – may have a VERY DIFFERENT
meaning – when used in the world of inventing.
Like inventions….words also have different levels of sophistication.
Distinctly different words can carry the same meaning….
they are simply chosen to better suit the reader or speaker…
and his/her age…or the circumstances in which they are to
be used; in this case- the age/understanding level of the inventor.
(Adult inventors may use more sophisticated language…but
we’ve proven time and time again that young people often have
the biggest ideas!!!)
So – here are a few examples of words inventors may use - that
are very different – but have the same impact ….deliver the same
message.
GLOSSARY:
Assignment: 1) Homework; 2) Transfer of Ownership of
Intellectual Property; 3) A minty poster/sign/placard.
Burden of Proof: 1) What you must produce – to back up your
‘the dog ate my homework’ story, 2) The obligation to establish
a connection as fact by evoking evidence of a probable truth.; 3)
Heavy senior pictures.
Claims: 1) What you tell your teacher about why your homework
is late; 2) The part of a patent wherein the invention and
the aspects of the invention that are legally enforceable are
defined. Or 3) where you find your bag at the airport.
Critical Date: 1) The big homecoming dance; 2) The date by
which an application must be filed to avoid losing rights in the
invention. 3) When you are finally able to legally drive.
Distribution Channels: 1) Twitter, facebook,
texting; 2) How you get your product from
manufacturer, to the end user; retail/web/
catalogs/TV/wholesale/Brokers and
distributors; 3) Cable, Satellite, Smoke Signals
Inventor’s Notebook: 1) Your journal or diary, 2) A history of
your invention from start to finish; a collection of sequentially
numbered and bound pages (that prevents someone from adding
or removing pages) in which to record invention notes. All notes
should be signed by a witness (who will not benefit financially
from the invention), which can establish the first date of invention;
3) A REQUIREMENT of the Invention Convention:
Non-obvious: 1) Being the last person anyone would ever think was
an inventor; 2) A criterion in Section 103 of the U.S. Code patent
statutes which requires that an invention cannot receive a valid
patent if the invention could not readily deduced from publicly
available information by a person of ordinary skill in the art; 3) The
art of standing very still – and hoping no one will notice you.
Prototype: 1) A model or small scale replica of your invention
idea; 2) A professional typist – registered in the Guinness Book
of World Records; 3) A physical representation of an idea that
allows an individual to observe and interact with it – A
REQUIREMENT of the Invention Convention.
Reverse Engineering: 1) Backing up without mirrors; 2) Analysis
in order to learn details of design, construction, and operation, perhaps
to produce a copy or improved version; 3) Taking something
apart to learn how it may have been put together.
Trade Dress: 1) More complete version of a trademark; 2) The
distinctive packaging or design of a product that promotes the
product and distinguishes it from other products in the marketplace;
3) Swapping clothes.
Trademark: 1) A directive shouted out on the floor of the New
York Stock Exchange – when trading securities of 1,000 shares
or more; 2) Any name, symbol, figure, letter, word, or mark
adopted and used by a manufacturer or merchant in order to distinguish
his or her goods from those manufactured or sold by
others. A trademark is a proprietary term usually registered with
the Patent and Trademark Office to assure exclusive use by the
owner; 3) how you signify what you are wishing to swap.
Value Proposition: 1) Meal Deals; 2) The amount paid for a
product or service and what a customer receives for that value; 3)
What you are willing to pay your little brother or sister to eat
your dinner.
U.S.P.T.O.: 1) Unbelievable Stacks of Presents To Open; 2)
United States Patent and Trademark Office; The Governmental
agency charged with determining the patentability of all United
States applications; issuing all U.S. patents and trademarks,
maintaining the governments patent database, and acting as a
receiving office for some international applications; 3)
UNMATCHED STUDENT POTENTIAL - THINK OHIO!!.
ALL ANSWERS are #2.
42

APPENDIX A:
PATENTS IN BRIEF
APPENDIX A
PATENTS IN BRIEF
A patent is a grant issued by the U.S. Government giving an
inventor the right to exclude all others from making, using, or
selling his invention within the United States, its territories and
possessions.
There are three kinds of patents: 1) Utility patents, granted to the
inventor or discoverer of any new and useful process, machine,
manufacture, composition of matter, or any new and useful
improvement thereof; (2) plant patents, granted on any distinct
and new variety of asexually reproduced plant; and (3) design
patents, granted on any new, original, and ornamental design for
an article of manufacture.
Utility and plant patents are effective for 17 years from the date
issued, subject to the payment of maintenance fees; design patents
are effective for 14 years. Patents may be extended only by special
act of Congress, except for some pharmaceutical patents
whose terms may be extended to make up for time lost due to
Government required testing.
The basic fee for filing an application for patent ranges from $75
to $370, dependent upon the type of patent application being filed
and whether or not the applicant is entitled to status as a small
entity (independent inventor, small business concern or non-profit
organization). Issue fees range from $110 to $620. Maintenance
fees are due at 3 1/2, 7 1/2, and 11 1/2 years from the date the
patent is granted.
Applications are assigned to examiners who are experts in various
fields of technology. They research previous patents and technical
literature to determine whether a. patent should be granted. This
procedure normally takes about 18 months.
If you plan to file an application, you or your representative
should make a search of patents previously granted to make sure
that your idea has not already been patented.
You may do this at the Public Search Room of the Patent and
Trademark Office, Crystal Plaza Building No. 3, 2021 Jefferson
Davis Highway, Arlington, Virginia. Hours are 8 AM to 8 PM,
Monday through Friday except holidays. More limited searches
may be made at Patent Depository Libraries located throughout
the country.
APPENDIX A:
PATENTS IN BRIEF
The Patent and Trademark Office strongly advises you to consult
a patent attorney before attempting to file an application. Names
of patent attorneys and agents may be obtained from the classified
telephone directories in major cities, or from a directory published
by the Government Printing Office.
DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT PROGRAM
Under its Disclosure Document Program, the Patent and
Trademark Office accepts and preserves for a two-year period
papers disclosing an invention pending the filing of an application
for patent. This disclosure is accepted as evidence of the dates of
conception of the invention, but provides no patent protection nor
should it be considered a “grace period” during which the
inventor can wait to file a patent application without possible loss
of benefits. A fee of $6 is charged for this service.
For more information, the book General Information Concerning
Patents, is available for $2.00 from the Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402
(doc. #003-004-00626-9)
For specific questions, write to the Public Service Center,
Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC 20231, or
call (703) 557-HELP.
APPENDIX B:
TRADEMARKS
IN BRIEF
APPENDIX B
TRADEMARKS IN BRIEF
A trademark (or brand name or logo) is a word, name, symbol,
design, combination of word and design or slogan used by a
manufacturer or merchant to identify its goods or services and
distinguish them from those manufactured or sold by others.
When it is used for services, it can be called a service mark.
Trademark rights come from using the mark, and marks are
protected under common law from the time they are first used.
While there is no requirement to do so, owners of marks who
have used them or have a bona fide intention to use them in
federally regulated commerce may register them with the Patent
and Trademark Office. This provides the owners with certain
procedural and legal advantages. For “intent-to-use” applications,
actual use of the mark in commerce is a prerequisite to the
ultimate issuance of a registration.
Many trademark owners use a TM or SM symbol with their mark
to indicate that they are claiming rights in it. The ® symbol may
only be used if the Patent and Trademark Office issues a Federal
registration. To register a mark, the owner must file an application
consisting of a written statement in which the owner indicates
among other things the goods or services in connection with
which the mark is used and the date of first use of the mark in
commerce; a drawing of the mark; five specimens showing the
mark as it is actually used (labels, tags, packaging, etc.); and the
required filing fee of $175 per class.
Each application is reviewed by an examining attorney to determine
if the mark is eligible for registration and is compared with
other marks to determine if it is likely to cause confusion with
those already registered. If a proposed mark passes the examination,
it is then published in the Official Gazette of the Patent and
Trademark Office. Those who believe they will be damaged by
registration of the mark then have an opportunity to oppose registration.
If no opposition is filed, a registration certificate is issued
or a notice of allowance is issued to the applicant in an “intent-touse”
application. Within six months after the issuance of the
notice of allowance, the applicant must file specimens evidencing
use of the mark in commerce, a fee of $100, and a verified statement
that the mark is in use in commerce before a registration certificate
is issued. The registration may be renewed every 10 years
as long as the registrant is still using the mark.
For further information and an application form, write to the
Public Service Center, Patent and Trademark Office, Washington,
DC 20231, or call (703) 557-HELP.
APPENDIX C:
COPYRIGHTS
APPENDIX C
COPYRIGHTS
Copyrights give protection from copying for literary, dramatic,
musical and artistic works. Copyrights are registered in the
Copyright Office of the Library of Congress, and are not handled
by the Patent and Trademark Office. Information concerning
copyrights may be obtained from the Library of Congress,
Information Section, LM-455 Copyright Office, Washington, DC
20559. Telephone (202) 707-2100.